The treatment of raw water typically involves technologies such as clarification, possibly softening and filtration of surface water, potentially followed by secondary treatment in the form of demineralisation for the production of ultra-pure water required for boilers and thermal systems. The treatment of other water streams, e.g. blow-down from cooling systems is often required to make efficient use of available water.

Waste streams may constitute produced water from process operations, ash water and high salinity effluents. PROXA can treat these for safe environmental disposal, recovery water, and/or for valuable in-process use. In many instances, the complete elimination of liquid waste streams is desired, which calls for a zero liquid discharge (ZLD) treatment concept.